AAU-IHL Clinic Conflict in Africa, Displacement, Migration and Displacement, Uncategorized

Call for Blog Posts: Forced Displacement and Armed Conflicts in Africa

Posting Date: 4 June 2024

Deadline For Submissions: Before or by 10th July 2024

From 2019 to 2023, Africa has continued to witness a significant rise in active armed conflicts and conflict events. This trend has been particularly pronounced in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Sudan, Nigeria, and the Sahel region (especially Burkina Faso, Niger and Mali), leading to increased spillover effects and heightened humanitarian concerns.[1] Presently, Africa is grappling with an alarming surge in forced displacement, with an estimated 40.4 million individuals, as of June 30 2023, including internally displaced persons, refugees, and asylum seekers.[2] The majority of forcibly displaced individuals originate from countries grappling with conflict, with 14 out of the top 15 nations generating such displacement are facing ongoing conflict[3].

Forced displacement in Africa remains a pressing issue, with millions of individuals displaced from their homes due to armed conflicts across the continent. This complex phenomenon not only underscores the devastating consequences of armed conflict but also highlights the intricate interplay between forced displacement and the perpetuation of conflict dynamics. While armed conflict often serves as a primary catalyst for displacement, it is equally important to recognize displacement as a trigger that can exacerbate existing conflicts and contribute to the emergence of new ones. 

The nexus of armed conflicts and forced displacement in Africa was further complicated by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has exacerbated factors that drive conflicts and instability. In addition, climate change, recognized as a ‘threat multiplier,’ intensifies competition over scarce resources, contributing to escalating or prolonging conflicts. High rates of youth unemployment are associated with a greater risk of political violence and may drive young people toward violent extremism, subsequently leading to or worsening armed conflicts. Addressing these interconnected challenges is crucial for devising effective strategies to address both forced displacement and armed conflict in Africa. 

In connection with this, the Addis Ababa University International Humanitarian Law Clinic aims to understand the issue of forced displacement, and thereby inform policy decisions. Engaging with scholars from various disciplines, the clinic also aims to develop strategies to address challenges of forced displacement and armed conflicts in Africa, potentially creating a platform for collaborative efforts to address challenges faced by African nations in dealing with forced displacement in connection with armed conflicts.

In this vein, the Addis Ababa University International Humanitarian Law Clinic invites submissions for blogpost articles that study the multifaceted relationship between forced displacement and armed conflict in Africa.  Authors are encouraged to explore various dimensions of this nexus, considering both the consequences of displacement resulting from armed conflict and the ways in which displacement can fuel or prolong conflicts. Potential areas for exploration include:

  • Overview of the relationship between armed conflict and forced displacement, highlighting the interconnectedness of these phenomena and their impact on individuals and communities.
    • Causes of Forced Displacement in Armed Conflict, including violence and insecurity, destruction of infrastructure and livelihoods, human rights violations, and ethnic and religious persecution.Impact of Forced Displacement on Individuals and Communities, examining psychological trauma, loss of social support networks, economic challenges, disruption of education and healthcare access, and the strain on resources of host communities.
  • Exploration of root causes of migration within conflict contexts, and strategies for addressing underlying drivers of displacement.
  • Legal frameworks and mobility amidst conflict situations, examining challenges and opportunities for displaced populations.
    • International Legal Framework for Protecting Displaced Persons in Armed Conflict, encompassing refugee law, international humanitarian law, responsibilities of states and international organizations, and challenges in implementation and enforcement.
    • Protection mechanisms for individuals fleeing conflict zones, and the efficacy of international legal frameworks in ensuring their rights and safety.
  • Humanitarian Response to Forced Displacement in Armed Conflict, focusing on the role of humanitarian organizations and agencies, provision of shelter, food, and medical assistance, and protection of vulnerable groups.
  • Long-Term Solutions to Address Armed Conflict and Forced Displacement, including conflict prevention and resolution strategies, peacebuilding efforts, and sustainable development initiatives in conflict-affected areas:
    • Strategies to combat irregular migration, migrant smuggling, and trafficking in human beings in conflict-affected regions.
    • The intersection of climate-induced displacement and armed conflict, and efforts towards climate adaptation and resilience among displaced communities.
    • Health challenges faced by migrants and refugees in conflict settings, and the need for targeted healthcare interventions.
    • Sustainable reintegration initiatives for returning migrants and refugees, and the role of readmission and reintegration in post-conflict reconstruction.
    • Protection of victims of trafficking amidst conflict dynamics, and strategies for preventing exploitation and abuse.
    • Promotion of free movement and mobility within Africa as a means of enhancing regional cooperation and stability, particularly in conflict-prone areas.
  • The gender dimension of forced displacement, such as increased risk of gender-based violence, loss of economic opportunities, and disruption of social support networks for women, challenges faced by displaced women including accessing healthcare, particularly reproductive health services and support for survivors of sexual violence.
  • Case Studies: Examining Specific Examples of Armed Conflict and Forced Displacement, providing in-depth analyses of particular conflicts and their impact on displacement dynamics in Africa.
  • Other Multidisciplinary topics such as climate change and youth engagement, especially in their relation to the dynamics of forced displacement and armed conflict in Africa.

We look forward to engaging with diverse perspectives and innovative insights on this critical issue facing Africa today.

Submitting Your Blogposts

We welcome original contributions from academics, students and practitioners from a variety of disciplines across Africa. Please submit your blogposts with the length of 1,500 to 2,000 words (except where agreed with the editors) to the following email: ihlclinicaau@gmail.com

During the selection process, priority will be given to innovative blogposts that demonstrate clear potential to contribute to and advance the legal and policy debates in the field of forced displacement and armed conflict in Africa.

For the general submission guidelines (on referencing and editorial guidelines) please visit https://aauihl-clinic.org/submission-criteria/

[1] Uppsala Conflict Data Programme (UCDP)  “UCDP Dataset Download Center.” n.d. https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/index.html#armedconflict. 

[2] Africa Center for Strategic Studies. (2023, October 26). African conflicts displace over 40 million people – https://africacenter.org/spotlight/african-conflicts-displace-over-40-million-people/  

[3] ibid

AAU-IHL Clinic Migration and Displacement

The New Collateral: A New Hope for Migrants in Ethiopia

Author: Yoseph Genene – LLB, AAU

Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. And this right is not subject to exceptions and is non-derogable even in times of crisis. Natural disasters, armed conflicts and other predicaments will result in humanitarian catastrophe. As we are currently observing countless crises destabilizing the world, numerous populations leave their homes looking for a safe place. More people than ever are fleeing their homes from conflict and disaster resulting in in more than 108.4 million worldwide displacement.  In this process some manage to leave their country and enter into another country while others escape to a different place within a border. 

The Ethiopian Refugee Proclamation Art 5, which integrated the  definition under  the OAU convention as well as the UN refugee convention defines refugees as those who have been forced to flee their country because of external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order  and has well-founded persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group and  most likely, they cannot return home or are afraid to do. 

While, persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflicts, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border are called Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). Globally, there are more than seventy one million IDPs which is roughly equivalent to the population of Thailand. 

This blog post adopts IOM’s definition of migrants encompassing both refugees and IDPs, and which defines “Migrants”as an umbrella term, not defined under international law, reflecting the common lay understanding of a person who moves away from his or her pace of usual residence, whether within a country or across an international border, temporarily or permanently, and for a variety reasons.  

Photo Credit: IOM 2023, available at https://sudan.iom.int/news/over-1000-daily-arrivals-sudan-ethiopia-iom-data

Grappling with the different challenges due to internal and regional complexities, Ethiopia is similarly affected by the situations of Migrants. Ethiopia is a host to more than 930,000 refugees and asylum seekers, which makes it the third largest refugee hosting nation in Africa. Migrants in Ethiopia face a multitude of challenges that include deprivation of adequate shelter, food and health services, lack of opportunities to rebuild their livelihoods, protection risks, wider security concerns. When individuals experience displacement, they frequently lose or leave their personal identity papers, marriage certificates, birth certificates, academic or professional records and certificates and face difficulties in accessing them or approaching authorities for replacements. Armed conflicts and natural disasters can also result in the destruction of official records and archives. Sub-groups of migrants, such as women, minorities, or indigenous communities, may encounter specific challenges, as their civil status or rights were not as extensively documented as those of other citizens even before displacement. In practical terms, individuals often need to prove their identity or legal status as a prerequisite for exercising rights or receiving entitlements. However, due to limited or no access to such documentation, migrants may confront arbitrary restrictions on their rights in displacement settings. 

Local integration has been considered to serve as one durable solution for Migrants in such a situation by allowing them to settle in the host community. This process provides legal status, access to basic services, and opportunities for employment. Through local integration, Migrants become part of the host community, contributing to social cohesion and stability. This solution involves the recognition of legal status, enabling access to essential services such as education, healthcare, and employment. The goal is to facilitate the full inclusion and participation of refugees and IDPs in their new communities.

In this context, having an identification document (ID) is closely linked to legal recognition, access to services, employment opportunities, protection of rights, and social inclusion. The possession of a recognized ID is essential for individuals to access various rights and basic services within the host community, including education, healthcare, and employment. Having such a formal identification document serves as evidence of legal status, preventing arbitrary detention or deportation and promoting the full participation and inclusion of refugees or IDPs in their new communities.

Ethiopia, as a party to both the OAU convention and the UN refugee convention, and in accordance with the FDRE refugee proclamation, is obligated to provide administrative support, identity papers and travel documents to refugees. A step in fulfilling such an obligation is taken with the adoption of the recent National ID program by Ethiopian Digital Identification proclamation no.1284/2023.

Sample of the Ethiopian Digital ID Card

With its motto “identity is the new collateral”, it marks a significant stride toward inclusivity by removing barriers of inclusion of citizens and non-citizens (legal residents) and making national IDs accessible to individuals who can provide any type of acceptable evidence including an appropriate witness/es that can attest on the individual’s behalf called ‘introducer’. Additionally, the FDRE Refugees and Returnees Service, National ID Program – Ethiopia, and the UN Refugee Agency Ethiopia Office, came together to sign a special agreement aiming to make it easier for refugees to access important services like healthcare, education, banking, and driving, among others. Moreover, the National ID program executive director announced the commitment to extend the program for IDPs as part of the inclusion program.

Potential concerns may arise with the stipulation of legal residency as a prerequisite for participation in the inclusion program. This requirement poses a potential threat to the program’s efficacy, given the possibility that Migrants may not establish residence in a specific location for the mandated minimum duration of three months, as stipulated by Article 175 of the Civil Code, as referenced in the National ID proclamation. 

The other concern is regarding privacy and data protection concerns. The National ID proclamation contains important data protection and privacy provisions in its fourth section. By incorporating the principle of data minimization, right to rectification, the right to be forgotten and other fundamental privacy principles; the proclamation provides that any authentication process under the digital identification system shall be done with the consent of the registrant. The information collected can be collected, disclosed, published, and can be transferred to a third party by anyone or a law enforcement body only with the registrant consent. However, it can be disclosed for the relevant legal entity authorized by law or court order without the registrant consent. In this regard, a concern worth mentioning will be the handling of biometrics data that includes personal information of refugees. Particularly, refugees flee persecution and their persecutors might track them using the data as they are communities escaping unsafe conditions, there has to be a balance between centralization of data and the right to privacy. With the absence of a national data protection governance (Draft Data Protection proclamation is approved by the Council of Ministers and waiting for HPR`s decision to be legislated), there has to be sector based and case-by-case restrictions on the use of biometrics and personal data of the data subjects. This needs to be accompanied by robust technological and legal safeguards to protect the right to privacy of individuals, particularly refugees and IDPs. Considering the novelty of the program, it can be improved through practices and emerging developments. 

The measure taken by the National ID does not suggest that migrants no longer need any form of assistance or support. Rather, it signifies that the needs of migrants are not distinct from those of the non-displaced population, which might still necessitate interventions by development and human rights actors. Enabling durable solutions necessitates different but collaborative efforts among various stakeholders including national and local authorities, as well as humanitarian and development entities. In the end, inclusive approach towards migrants with the possibility of a lasting resolution could ensure the attainment of long- term peace, stability, recovery and reconstruction in nations like Ethiopia. 

Author’s Bio

Yoseph Genene – LLB, AAU. MA student of Peace and Security Studies at AAU, IPSS. CSO-Lab program Mentee at Civil Society Resource Center (CSRC). Interested in Human Rights, Migration, and Peace and Security Can be reached at geneneyoseph@gmail.com